Sex Trafficking And Labor Trafficking Essay Example For Students

Sex Trafficking And Labor Trafficking Essay â€Å"The U.S. Congress characterized and grouped human dealing into two classifications sex dealing and work dealing the TVPA. As expressed already, sex dealing includes the enlistment, holding, transportation, arrangement, or getting of an individual with the end goal of a business sex act in which a business sex act is instigated forcibly, extortion, or compulsion, or in which the individual compelled to perform such a demonstration is more youthful than age 18. A business sex act implies any sex follow up by virtue of which anything of significant worth is given to or gotten by any individual. Sorts of sex dealing incorporate prostitution, erotic entertainment, stripping, live-sex appears, international wives, military prostitution, and sex tourism,† (Clawson, 2009). The interest in the sex exchange is shaped by two distinct things: the male interest and the cash made. â€Å"The male interest for sexual administrations continues the productivity of the sex exchange as a multi billion dollar industry,† (Kara, 2009). This is something that is significant in understanding why the sex exchange capacities. Since the current condition of restoration for previous dealt females has been inadequate, enactment and projects should be created to be progressively successful. The sex exchange industry is incredibly entangled and it is essential to have the option to comprehend that flexibly and request are a vital aspect for seeing how the sex exchange capacities. To be placed in monetary terms, it is gracefully and request. A monetary examination clarified it along these lines, â€Å"certain showcase powers make an interest for an item; other market powers make gracefully to meet that demand† (Kara, 2009). Inside the sex dealing industry it is critical to comprehend that there is a contrast between sex dealing and prostitution, despite the fact that the two of them represent extr. .ries abroad, assisting with finding the casualties of misuse. They work to assemble assets in both physical and otherworldly approaches to bring recuperating and reclamation. They work to secure instruction and position preparing openings, these assets made by individuals who are looking for after Jesus and who with a certain goal in mind need to have an outlet and assets for these previous casualties to go to and approaches to find support. It is their principle want to work to get these casualties help and to engage and furnish them with the abilities expected to push ahead with their lives and to genuinely discover recuperating from all the difficulties and wounds they have procured (Hope 3). At that point thus there is the arrangement, the answer for this difficult that has been continuing for a great many years. The issue of ladies being taken a gander at like an item, and men pulling off rewarding and utilizing them as are they.

The economy of Asian countries

Presentation Assessing the economy of Asian nations that have denoted the best improvement as far as financial execution in the previous decade, obviously the fast pace at which the economy has developed is firmly connected to their solid fare orientation.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The economy of Asian nations explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic development inside these East Asian economies followed the difference in monetary action from being founded on the standard importation replacement towards exercises and arrangements that are progressively centered around sending out products to different nations. The aftereffect of such approaches was prompt net yearly development of 20% and this stretched out over quite a while period (Balassa, 590). The point of this paper will break down the likenesses and contrasts between monetary improvements in Asian nations. Accentuation will be laid on the distinction and likenesses among first a nd second wave. Under the principal wave, we will talk about in detail, three cases, to be specific Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Under the subsequent wave, we will likewise talk about three cases for example China, India and Thailand. First Wave of Economic Revolution Japan The accomplishment of fare exchange has consistently been firmly connected to the general development of Japan’s monetary turn of events. Volume exchange arrived at the midpoint of seventeen percent up to the year 1973. The net impact of fare exchange to Japan was not just constrained to the arrangement of much required remote money for the acquisition of crude merchandise, yet it likewise profited the nation through building up its industry in order to exploit the economies of scale that couldn't have succeeded if it somehow happened to depend entirely on its residential market. It is additionally through fare exchange that organizations understood the danger of rivalry and the should be imaginative and effective (Buckley, 45). So what are the impetuses for Japan’s achievement? The country’s mechanical strategy has consistently encouraged a culture of development and backing for nearby firms. Nearby firms are urged from the beginning to focus on fare of their products.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All this is done so as to guarantee that the nation can rival the West with regards to worldwide exchange. The modern strategies of Japan are planned for offering budgetary help as well as specialized help that incorporates warning administrations and organizing exchange fairs all around the world (Buckley, 67). South Korea Export exchange South Korea has primarily been catalyzed by two significant key arrangements that were organized by the Government. The first was land control: Land was redistributed to suit the rising populace. At that point, there was a pending populace emergency as settlers rushed from the North. A family was just confined to three hectares. The second approach that helped the nation was instruction strategy. The legislature acknowledged at the time that the nation required qualified people so as to run its enterprises, hence it put accentuation on great and quality training for its residents Thus the administration can be ascribed as one of the greatest empowering influences of the fare exchange and financial improvement of the nation. Strategies in regards to send out exchange were drafted and dependent on stages. For instance, the arrangement applied all through the 3 decades can be partitioned into stages. All through the first and second money related year stages, the nation was associated with fare of any merchandise. There was a speculation on the kinds of products to be traded. The third and fourth year was described by fares of overwhelming modern machines while the stage after 1980 was portrayed by fare of cutting edge machines. This prompted a consistent and solid development in South Korea’s economy (Balassa, 570). Taiwan Of all the three nations talked about under the primary wave, Taiwan was generally at a moderately better situation to propel its fare exchange as it had procured a previously settled foundation from its Japanese colonizers. There was no lack of gifted work as Chinese outsiders from the territory came in huge numbers. Land and instruction polices had just been set up and budgetary guide from America fuelled the advancement in the country.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The economy of Asian nations explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This empowered the nation to focus on the improvement of firms that could send out results of global measures. Government approaches are likewise to a great extent liable for the blasting fare exchange as they permitted the private division to flourish and give the required forc e to monetary development. What's more, the Government has advanced a safe macroeconomic condition. It has additionally guaranteed strived to help neighborhood speculations, modern extensions that will drive up send out volumes The likeness between all the three cases is that the Government is immensely liable for building up critical strategies that have prompted the development of fare exchange the nations. Second Wave of Economic Revolution At a typical point, it tends to be said that trade and assembling core values of the Economies that made up the second wave for example China, Thailand and India, were like those of nations that made up the main wave. For example Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. After a stage where the nations executed import replacement and where China’s approach was progressively centered around focal arranging, all the monetary strategies developed to turn out to be more fare situated. This adjustment in strategies prompted a further increment in excha nge (fare and import) of merchandise. This had a net resultant impact of higher GDP development (Chang, 136). Pundits have contended that where monetary development of the â€Å"first wave† nations was to a great extent ascribed to strangely positive worldwide exchange condition, nations engaged with the subsequent wave needed to persevere through an increasingly unpredictable condition that was tormented by expanded and specific exchange protectionism among exchange accomplices saw from the fifties and sixties. Regardless of the considerable number of complexities, these economies have risen as the main lights of Asia’s financial development. Another key contrast between the two waves was that where send out advancement was used by Japan, South Korea and Taiwan to support their neighborhood ventures, nations in the subsequent wave have not extensively used this instrument and have rather utilized their swapping scale approaches to balance out their household macroecon omic condition instead of for trade competitiveness.Advertising Searching for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More On account of China, monetary development has been acknowledged in spite of the innate political hazard that the nation faces. China being a one gathering state faces a political hazard for neighborhood and remote representatives and speculators (Chang, 142). End In rundown from the above comprehension of fare arrangements in Asia, it is obvious that achievement that didn't occur incidentally because of flexibly and request. Rather the monetary blast was credited to government intercession and cooperation in the improvement of nearby endeavor. Most remarkably, phases of blasting development and extension were recognized by open arrangements empowering a consistent monetary condition with a various scope of motivators for the private part. Motivating forces additionally incorporated the advancement the option of both human and physical assets. Works Cited Balassa, Ben (1964), â€Å"The Purchasing Power Parity Doctrine: A Reappraisal†, Journal of Political Economy, 1964. Vol. 72 , 584-596. Buckley, Roy. (1998), Japan Today, Cambridge University Press, New York and Melbourne, 2007. Chang , Hinn.(1993), â€Å"The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in Korea†, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2003. Vol. 17 (2), 131-157. This paper on The economy of Asian nations was composed and put together by client Analia Boyer to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Perry, Matthew Calbraith

Perry, Matthew Calbraith Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 1794â€"1858, American naval officer, b. South Kingstown, R.I.; brother of Oliver Hazard Perry . Appointed a midshipman in 1809, he first served under his brother on the Revenge and then was aide to Commodore John Rodgers on the President, which defeated the British ship Little Belt before the War of 1812 had been formally declared. Perry saw little action in that war because he was assigned to the United States, which the British bottled up at New London. He received his first command in 1821. From 1833 to 1843 Perry was assigned to the New York (later Brooklyn) navy yard, where he pioneered in the application of steam power to warships, commanding (1837) the Fulton, first steam vessel in the U.S. navy, and encouraged the broadening of naval education. Promoted to captain in 1837, Perry received the title of commodore in 1841 and in the same year became commandant of the New York navy yard. In 1843â€"44 he commanded the African squadron, which was engaged in suppressing the slave trade. In the Mexican War , as commander of the Gulf Fleet, he supported Gen. Winfield Scott in taking Veracruz. In Mar., 1852, Perry was ordered to command the East India squadron and charged with the delicate task of penetrating isolationist Japan. On July 8, 1853, he anchored his four ships, including the powerful steam frigates Mississippi and Susquehanna, in lower Tokyo (then Yedo) Bay. The Japanese ordered him to go to Nagasaki, the only port open to foreigners, where the Dutch operated a limited trading concession, but Perry firmly declined. On July 14 he presented his papers, including a letter from President Millard Fillmore to the Japanese emperor, requesting protection for shipwrecked American seamen, the right to buy coal, and the opening of one or more ports to trade. The expedition then retired to the China coast, but returned, with an increased fleet, in Feb., 1854. Perry's show of pomp (at which he was expert) and powe r obviously impressed the insecure Tokugawa shogunate, and on Mar. 31, 1854, near Yokohama a treaty was concluded that acceded to American requests, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to U.S. trade. For his successful expedition Perry was awarded $20,000 by Congress, which also paid for publication of the official Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan (3 vol., 1856), compiled under Perry's supervision. See E. M. Barrows, The Great Commodore (1935); A. Walworth, Black Ships off Japan (1946, repr. 1966); Bluejackets with Perry in Japan (ed. by H. F. Graff, 1952); S. E. Morison, Old Bruin (1967). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Perry, Matthew Calbraith

Perry, Matthew Calbraith Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 1794â€"1858, American naval officer, b. South Kingstown, R.I.; brother of Oliver Hazard Perry . Appointed a midshipman in 1809, he first served under his brother on the Revenge and then was aide to Commodore John Rodgers on the President, which defeated the British ship Little Belt before the War of 1812 had been formally declared. Perry saw little action in that war because he was assigned to the United States, which the British bottled up at New London. He received his first command in 1821. From 1833 to 1843 Perry was assigned to the New York (later Brooklyn) navy yard, where he pioneered in the application of steam power to warships, commanding (1837) the Fulton, first steam vessel in the U.S. navy, and encouraged the broadening of naval education. Promoted to captain in 1837, Perry received the title of commodore in 1841 and in the same year became commandant of the New York navy yard. In 1843â€"44 he commanded the African squadron, which was engaged in suppressing the slave trade. In the Mexican War , as commander of the Gulf Fleet, he supported Gen. Winfield Scott in taking Veracruz. In Mar., 1852, Perry was ordered to command the East India squadron and charged with the delicate task of penetrating isolationist Japan. On July 8, 1853, he anchored his four ships, including the powerful steam frigates Mississippi and Susquehanna, in lower Tokyo (then Yedo) Bay. The Japanese ordered him to go to Nagasaki, the only port open to foreigners, where the Dutch operated a limited trading concession, but Perry firmly declined. On July 14 he presented his papers, including a letter from President Millard Fillmore to the Japanese emperor, requesting protection for shipwrecked American seamen, the right to buy coal, and the opening of one or more ports to trade. The expedition then retired to the China coast, but returned, with an increased fleet, in Feb., 1854. Perry's show of pomp (at which he was expert) and powe r obviously impressed the insecure Tokugawa shogunate, and on Mar. 31, 1854, near Yokohama a treaty was concluded that acceded to American requests, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to U.S. trade. For his successful expedition Perry was awarded $20,000 by Congress, which also paid for publication of the official Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan (3 vol., 1856), compiled under Perry's supervision. See E. M. Barrows, The Great Commodore (1935); A. Walworth, Black Ships off Japan (1946, repr. 1966); Bluejackets with Perry in Japan (ed. by H. F. Graff, 1952); S. E. Morison, Old Bruin (1967). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Low cost producers and cost efficiency - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3273 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The various costs involved in manufacturing of the product could be reduced in a company and can be achieved by applying certain strategies. These strategies include the centralization of the purchase department in the Loughborough branch compared to its offshore plant. The centralisation will have a considerable effect on cost. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Low cost producers and cost efficiency" essay for you Create order Assignment modelling technique also works well in which cost efficiency could be achieved. (1)The company has a centralised structure for the personal and purchasing departments. The personal department has a good advantage and control over the company when it is centralised. But the purchasing department has various advantages in terms of cost when it is de-centralised. Decentralisation results in better relation with the local buyers, suppliers and users. The choice of suppliers will also be more. Due to competitive natures they will try to supply or buy at a competitive price which benefits the organisation. Due to this the local buyers will be more motivated. The company will have a greater advantage in the local market (i.e.) their subsidiaries. Assignment modelling strategy should be used to achieve cost efficiency and to be a leading low cost producer. The cost of a product depends on the departments like design, R D and manufacturing. If the expertises are drawn out fro m each department under the control of the main manager who controls it, the lowest cost of producing a product is possible. Each expertise will be involved in carrying out their own tasks at the aim of achieving the cost efficiency in their respective processes without compromising on the quality. This will result in the reduction of design costs, RD costs and manufacturing costs which in turn reduces the total unit costs. A matrix structure is used in the Loughborough and its subsidiary to achieve cost efficiency. By implementing matrix structure the employees can be allocated tasks in an optimized manner which will aid in cost reduction. (2)Standardisation of the manufacturing firm is related to centralisation. Standardisation is the most vital technique which benefits in the cost efficiency. The purpose of standardisation is to achieve a good marketing performance and to lower marketing costs which results a gain in competitive advantage. If the standardisation which works well in parent manufacturing plant can be implemented in off shore manufacturing plant to gain higher profits and lower cost associated with it. Standardisation technique results in the reduction of costs thereby the resources can be focussed to gain the complete control over the headquarters and its subsidiaries as they both know the precise needs. By providing the same products in several international markets the shorter production runs can be achieved in which the design costs, Research and development costs involved can be greatly reduced. This results in the reduction of total unit costs and achieving greater efficiencies. (1)Advanced manufacturing plays in major role in improving the production and flexibility. If the advanced manufacturing technology is introduced in the Loughborough and its subsidiary there will be a faster production and the production rates will be flexible according to the requirements. (2)The quality of the product is also increased by introducin g advanced manufacturing technology. The main reason that distinguishes this technology from other is its ability to achieve low costs and flexible manufacturing. The difference in cost will be not being evident immediately after the implementation but it will be gradually seen. FOCUS ON RESPONSIVENESS AND RAPID ADJUSTMENT TO ORDER CHANGES To compete in the local markets as well as international markets the company has to be highly responsive and flexible in order to react with the rapid order changes and changes in the market conditions. (5)The importance given to the manufacturing technologies is also given to infrastructural ones like production norms and procedures in which high flexibility and responsiveness could be obtained. (1)The fundamental technique that can be used is adopting the technique of agile manufacturing. The fundamental requirement is to eliminate the outdated human management practices. (1)To make the company more agile there should be a change in the management of people in areas like design, production procedures, equipment maintenance and continuous training. These main key elements will result in high contribution of the team work system, good training and contracting practices and a good suggestion system and organisational structures. When the production level is suited to accommodate wit h the working hours in manufacturing a good flexibility could be achieved and can also react to changes or alterations in operating conditions so that rapid changes in orders can be easily met. (3)To tackle responsiveness the company has to develop an organisational model based on process management which turns in to system management those results in the good co-ordination between departments resulting in giving a good flexible and prompt response to changing situations. A decentralisation model is used where people from different departments are given a specific task to work on where the rapid responsiveness and changes to order changes can be met. The creation of various production lines which should be suitable for concurrent versatile manufacturing results in good responsiveness. The location of the storage areas near the production lines will lead to efficient management and great inventory control. The outsourcing of the non core activities will greatly help in increasing the responsiveness and rapid changes in order. The creation of work cells contained of trained employees for flexibility will result in great control over the management rather than the past. FOCUS ON PRODUCT AND PROCESS INNOVATION (1)The need for innovation is required for this company and its subsidiaries to cope up with its competitors. The best way to introduce innovation in the industry is to collaborate with the small innovative companies to work on new product development. The companys management has to predict how the future market will be and the variety of innovative products expected in the market. This reduces the risk levels. The innovation of the products depends on the company startegic decision. (10)This decision is based on make or buys strategy. Make means the company should develop or come with the innovation with its own research and development organisation. Buy decision means the research and development is contracted out to external consultants. The costs on R and D can be greatly reduced if it is outsourced. (1)The effect of decentralisation in design and RD department will also result in the great innovation. If the freedom is given to the people working in various departments the innovation of a new product will be quicker and effective. OWN BUISNESS FACILITY IN OFFSHORING LOCATION The main developing markets for the company based on Loughborough is the united states and far east which includes china, Japan ,India and Singapore. (1)An offshore factory is basically established to produce the standardised products at a lower cost .Items are then exported to another location for further work or for direct sale. The investments that are made in technical and managerial resources are kept very less that is required for the production line. Only little development occurs on the site where local managers rarely choose the key suppliers or negotiate the prices. The accounting and finance staffs provide a good support for the managers in providing datas in the home country. It is very vital to select a location for off shoring where a location should be selected centrally. If an off shoring plant is setup in Singapore it can serve the Indian, Chinese, Japanese markets very well as these markets are developing and the standardised products can be greatly establis hed. (2)The company mainly focus on achieving a cost efficiency in its off shore plant. Achieving cost efficiency relates to the low labour costs and the utilization of the resources available. The off shore location is selected based on the great product demand on the particular location. The off shore location depends on the diversity of the products on the developing markets so that a great competitive advantage is obtained over the other companies. The offshore plants dont focus on innovation or high quality of the products initially. (6)The utilisation of the resources in an offshore plant is also helpful in low material costs. The costs involved in the transportation is also very less even if the products are exported from an off shore location to nearby countries where the market is very demanding and developing. [2]By manufacturing at an offshore location and transporting to nearby markets which is developing, the costs involved is very low compared to transportation cost s involved in exporting from a parent company which is very far. By setting up of an offshore location it is very easy to reach the demanding markets located nearer to the offshore plants. Before selecting an offshore location the company should consider various factors of market conditions after the setup of its offshore plant and the demand condition created on the developing markets. This will benefit the company from having an idea of the production capacities and the costs involved in the purchasing of the machineries and procurement of labours related to the manufacturing that will take place. (6)The company should also do a good research on the local suppliers that will manufacture their sub parts involved in the manufacturing of the complete product. It should consider whether the local suppliers will meet the quality policy of the company and will be cost efficiency. Multi-domestic strategy should be used in order to produce a product that suits the local market deman ds. Product produced in the parent company may not perform well in its offshore location. In this strategy the local managers who are responsible for the offshore plants production will be in touch with the parent company manager to discuss the various aspects in which the product can be produced in which it suits the offshore locations demands and satisfies the customers needs. The various benefits that can be obtained from this strategy is a good product differentiation, local responsiveness and the minimisation in the exchange rate. In setting up of an offshore plant all the innovation and new product developments happens in the parent company due to which only the production happens in the offshore plants. OFFSHORING SPECIALIST PRODUCERS There are some factors that should be considered before outsourcing it to offshore producer. The main factors which are involved in the local outsourcing results in the better innovation of the products and the local manufacturer has a very good knowledge of the parts that the produces. The company can focus well on designing the products in a better way that suits the local market well and it will also be highly cost efficient for the company. The local manufacturer also has a wide knowledge of the resources available locally. A lot of burden is reduced on the company when the outsourcing of the activities is given to an off shoring specialist. When outsourcing is given for the specific parts of the product there is a good scope of the product being successful on the local markets as the outsourcing specialists can design it in a demanding way as they have a good idea of customers advanced needs. The product flexibility can also be obtained with the outsourcing specialist. The spe cialist can also respond to the markets needs well and prepare according to it. Due to the high pressures on the outsourcing specialists to perform well for the companies they will have to select a greatly skilled labour who can work well with the firm in maintain the plant in a competitive manner. Whenever the off shored company is in demand of product needs the outsourcing specialists greatly help in meeting the demand working for the company. Since the product has to be designed for the local market the local designers will have a greater freedom in implementing their own ideas in designing. The opportunities are widened to attract the talent globally. Each firm will have its own freedom in carrying out the various processes depending upon the rapid changes. The companies will also save a huge amount of costs in buying the equipments used for manufacturing of the parts that are not of core competence and the necessary costs involved in maintaining them. This will result in the pa rent company giving more importance to the innovation in design and work on strategies that will improve the product demand. The products manufactured by the specialists can also be exported to other countries if the costs involved in transportation are cheaper. This will also help the firm in understanding the value of the product in its neighbouring markets and designing the products according to that. Exporting If a product has performed well in the home base it is an indication for the company to increase its product range by introducing them to the nearby international markets it is an indication that the product can be exported to increase the profitability and the market size. The exporting of the products is cost efficient up to a certain level. The price of the product will be decided by the company before exporting that includes the cost of exporting, manufacturing and marketing. If the product has a lesser value in the local market but the same product has a good demand in another market it can increase the product value by selling the product at a greater price and greater quality markets so that exporting is beneficial to the company. The exporting also differs from country to country. Some countries may have a high export duty which will not be beneficial for the company to focuses on profits. [16]Thus exporting depends on the market demand, methods of distribution and distance involved in exporting the product. The standardised products can be sold on the international markets with the setting up of overseas sales offices. But the engineer to order products are carried out from the home base as the customer directly contacts the home base with his precise requirements. The main motive for a Loughborough and South Africa base to export its products to the nearby developing markets is to achieve a good efficiency in cost. To succeed in exporting the company has to gain a good export competitive advantage over the other manufacturers. The competitive advantage is defined end users who place a good value for the product. The competitive advantage is classified in to two categories such as cost advantage and differentiation advantage. The advantage in cost is gained with the lower unit costs and lower selling price of the product after exporting. Differentiation advantage results in the new products that can be sold in which the competitors have not come u p with. LICENSING If the company makes a licensing with another organisation and if its not in a position to invest on its targeted offshore base as it is very risky because it doesnt have an idea of the performance in the targeted market. Licensing is the safer way of attaining the market initially. By sharing the technology through the licensing agreements the company, the burden is on the licensee to manufacture the product the home base will also help in marketing the products well. [16] If the hoists starts to do well then the company can open an offshore plant after the license expires to increase the cost efficiency, huge profits and product productivity. The company should also be careful about the licensee as the company can exploit the technology and can be a competitor to the licenser. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (4)If the company is sure about the fact that the customers have a good requirement of hoists it also makes sure that the company will make a foreign direct investment there are five major reasons for making an foreign investment. One is the low cost production through low cost labour. Second is the local demand it will be getting from the government for subsidiaries. Third is the protection from imports. The company should target the under developed markets in order to take the competitive advantage By making an FDI the company can achieve a high profit margin and gain a competitive advantage over others. In an FDI high revenue will be obtained as the company have the full control of the operations taking place. DISTRIBUTION SUPPLY CHAIN FROM SA AND LOUGHBOROUGH BASE If the company has decided to distribute its product from its own base it has to be well prepared and should forecast the future demands well in advance that it may face. The most important factor is the inventory control management. Without the availability of proper raw materials the demand could not be met. Cost minimisation (8)As per the manufacturing point of view the efficient resource utilisation will automatically lead to a reduction in Costs. The Company should always concentrate on having a excess buffer capacity of the inventory which leads to lesser material costs. The material costs may change anytime due to market conditions. The selection of the supply chain based on the selection of supply chain partners. (8) They are basically selected based on the performance of quality. The cost efficiency also depends on the volume flexibility, delivery speed of the supply chain partners. The companies should expand span of supply chain operation that could be planned and controlled in an integrated fashion. This leads to the proper forecasting which results in efficient cost management. Responsiveness (8)When the organisational structure is improved in the Loughborough base it will automatically lead to the reduction of cycle time inside the supply chain. The company have to rapidly react to the change in the business environments. The sudden changes in the competition between the various companies is a proof that the company should mainly focus on the reduction in cycle times in order to gain the benefits of the flexible response to rapidly changing conditions. The suppliers to the parent company who are able to respond quickly to the changes in the volume of products within the supply chain can be applied through various techniques like vendor management, just in time technique and inventory positioning. (8)There are very less producers of hoists in the global markets and due to which in most of the situations the company mostly relies on the supplier. The supplier is also aware of the fact that there are very limited alternatives that the company has. There is need of trus t that the company need to have on the suppliers to cope up with the rapid order changes and responsiveness. The trust between the suppliers and the buyers within the supply chain will increase a good communication in turn creates a common strategic vision which is useful in reacting rapidly to the sudden order changes. Innovation (5)The innovation can be achieved in supply chain distribution is the introduction of various information and related technologies with original logistic and marketing procedures that will improve the Loughborough and SA base operational efficiency and to implement the service effectiveness. The innovation also includes the efficient response from the consumers and continuous replenishment. [5]The company can be more innovative by allocating new investments of contracting out the products to produce it in a very innovative way. Standardised products can be outsourced and the company can concentrate in core competence to focus on more innovative hoits.This not only results in the huge profit gains for the parent company but also to the supplier. The company can be more innovative if it can do either a licensing or a foreign direct investment in the markets which will be very difficult for it to reach. This includes the countries like Australia, United States and some parts of Europe . By innovative ideas such as licensing or FDI the various costs spent that will reduce the profit gains can be avoided.

Financial Ratio Calculations

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1157 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firms performance and financial situation. Most ratios can be calculated from information provided by the financial statements. Financial ratios can be used to analyse trends and to compare the firms financials to those of other firms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Ratio Calculations | Profitability Calculations" essay for you Create order Sometimes, ratio analysis can predict future bankruptcy of a business. As we can see the performance of Systems Integrated PLC is related to the areas of profitability, efficiency and liquidity. First of all, the profitability of a company is clearly shown through the Return on Capital Employed ratio (R.O.C.E) and the gross profit percentage, the second one is reduced from 2009 to 2010 but about the first we can say that is getting higher. Moreover, we have the gross profit margin ratio and we can see that year by year is getting lower and this is not good for our business .Profitability depends on the obsolescence/damage/theft, or even the under/overvaluation of stock. Also, it depends on the general fall or increase in selling price. Utility companies tend to have low R.O.C.E ratios because of the high investments in fixed assets. For example, a high R.O.C.E may be due to the fact that some firms are using old-aged assets which are almost fully depreciated. Liquidity 4) Acid Test = (Current Assets Inventors) / Current Liabilities = (1822 935) / 1313 = 0.67:1 5) Inventory Holding Period = (Average Inventory / Cost of Sales) * 365 = [(850 + 935) / 2] / 7540 = 43 days 6) Customer Collection Period = (Debtors / Sales) * 365 = (842 / 11178) * 365 = 27 days 7) Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities = 1822 / 1313 = 1.4:1 8) Suppliers Payment Period = (Suppliers / Purchases) * 365 = (1313 / 7625) * 365 = 63 days 9) Interest Cover = EBIT / Interest Expense = 1366 / 105 = 13 times Secondly, liquidity is mostly shown by the current ratio and the acid test ratio. A current ratio of 2.5:1 is considered to be adequate. In addition to this, a high current ratio indicates that the firm is tying up its resources in unproductive assets. Also, indicates slow moving stock and slow paying customers. The sufficiency of a current ratio depends on the composition of the current assets and how soon the short/long term obligations ha ve to be settled. Also an acid test ratio of 1.1:1 is considered to be sufficient, too. The numerator of a liquidity ratio is part or all of current assets. Possibly the most common liquidity ratio is the current ratio . The problem with the current ratio as a liquidity ratio is that inventories, a current asset, may not be converted to cash for several months, while many current liabilities must be paid within 90 days. Thus a more conservative liquidity ratio is the acid test ratio. Efficiency 10) Fixed Assets usage = Net Sales / Fixed Assets = 11178 / 2832 = 3.9 times 11) Total Assets usage = Net Sales / Total Assets = 11178 / 4653.5 = 2.4 times Lastly, efficiency is another important fact in a company. It is combined in three periods: the customers collection period, the suppliers payment period and the inventory holding period. We can see that at the fixed assets usage ratio of System Integrated plc has increased from the 2.9 of the industry to 3.9 times. In the second ratio, the total asset usage, System Integrated plc has almost the same percentage with the industry and this is good news for our company because is a very good percentage. The fact that some firms holding period is obsolete and that they have a slow moving stock is completely because of the high inventory holding specific period. Although, these firms aim at reducing this ratio so they could be more efficient and productive. Accounting is the language of business and its numbers are pertinent convey financial information. A lot of people are confused with the accounting numbers. The importance is high to know and to learn how to find meaning in those numbers because it helps you to understand where your business is going. Measuring accounting numbers and business transactions need a context to be significant. A list of numbers doesnt mean much without knowing what you are looking at. You can find meaning about the accounting numbers by looking at the description labels, such as customers names, account names or vendor names. Moreover accounting numbers are usually used for analysis and to answer questions. For example if you want to know how much rent expenses you have left in your budget, you need to look at accounting numbers. They can provide you preacute;cis information about how much rent you have spent and how much you have left cover. Accounting quantifies operations and gives people the aptitude to see a situation from a different viewpoint. You can make impo rtant decisions if you look your sales numbers for the year and when you mix that with expenses, you can gain many issues, such as if the expenses are too high for sales or if payroll its usually low. Furthermore, accounting numbers help us in many ways. For instance by looking at accounting numbers you can easily recognise old accounts receivable that you have to collect and also with the accounts you know who owes you and for how long. These numbers and accounts are helpful and valuable to any organization or a business. On the other hand, accounting number have their weaknesses too. We consider many reasons and factors for weaknesses in numbers in financial statements. Some factors are: the creative accounting, the off balance sheet financing, bias, the managerial pressures and objectivity. Creative accounting it is a firm of misrepresenting the performance and position of a business. This means that accountants apply particular accounting methods to a transaction to make s tatements look the way they want them to look. Companies are free to choose which policies to apply, so there is a space in regulations to perform creative accounting. One of the most important things is that some planned attempts to materially misstate accounting figures are illegal. The most common examples include tax evasion schemes. Besides that, some Off-balance sheet financing issues occur when the accountant does not put everything on the balance sheet. Usually Off-balance sheet financing aims in making the business to seem more valuable by inflating the value of assets and does not include some liabilities. Additionally we have Bias who is causing the nepotism of the preferences or partial. Bias influences with an unfair way users of accounting information. Bias is also broken up in categories of Disclosure bias, Estimation bias, Attributional bias, Judgement bias. Inventors are usually influenced by disclosure bias and estimation bias lead auditors to verify false informat ion. Bias does not affect only numerically but it also affects narrative reporting which represents the image and icon of a business management. Judgement bias affects the financial reporting subliminally, inaccuracies might also occur from unconscious bias. Accounting decisions require professional judgement. Ambiguity builds upon concept of representation and occurs of the representation of accrual accounting and cash flow. The problem that is made by ambiguity is that ambiguity surrounds accounting numbers and so numbers does not actually exist but are estimated. If you are looking to make your own financial ratio calculations then take a look at our Financial Ratio Calculator

The Metamorphosis and the Life of Franz Kafka Essay

In his novel The Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka describes his own life through the life of his protagonist Gregor Samsa. Careful study of Franz Kafkas life shows that Kafkas family, workplace, and reaction to the adversity in his family and workplace are just like those of Gregor. So we might ask why Gregor was transformed into a bug since Kafka obviously never turned into a bug. The absurd image illustrates how Gregor lacks self-respect and feels like hes a bug in the eyes of his family and society. Franz Kafka was unhappy and never found his place in life, either. Therefore, he might have felt just like Gregor, like a bug. Furthermore the novel describes Kafkas expectations of his own future and he was partially†¦show more content†¦Evan Godwin writes: [Kafkas] domineering father placed great pressure on his shy and sensitive only son to grow up into a robust businessman like himself. Gregor, too, works as a salesman because his family requires it and nee ds him to support them (Kafka, 2000). Kafka abandoned literature even though it interested him, and pursued a law degree (Godwin). But not surprisingly he struggled his entire life under the shadow of his fathers disappointment (Coulehan), presumably because he didnt do well on a job he hated. Gregor has to deal with his fathers wrath and disappointment as well when he succumbs to his emotions and can no longer work to support his family. The inability to work because he can no longer handle the stress is symbolized in the transformation into the bug, and the father has no affection for his son Gregor after he fails to overcome his transformation and go to work again (Kafka, 2001). Both Gregor and Kafka lack the strength of character to win against their fathers. Jack Coulehan writes [t]he Metamorphosis prevents the imminent rebellion of the son against the father. He also states that [s]ome of Gregors changes are generated from within. It is Gregors weakness that leads to his metamorphosis. His family exploits that weakness and see[s] hisShow MoreRelatedThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1052 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Kafka wrote one of his most popular books, The Metamorphosis, during the literary period and movement of existentialism. His novella stresses many existential ideals. The most predominant ideal that is seen through Gregor Samsa and his father in The Metamorphosis is that choice is the opportune of the individual. One’s ultimate goal in life is to successfully find a balance between work and leisure. It is through the juxtaposition of Gregor Samsa and his father, the conceding tone of the authorRead More A Portrait of Franz Kafkas Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis1515 Words   |  7 PagesPortrait of Franz Kafkas Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis Franz Kafka seems to have had a tough time growing up with his father, who was apparently a domineering, unapproachable man. A few years before Franzs untimely death, he wrote a long letter to his father in an attempt to address many of the lingering issues which had plagued their relationship. He may have tried through his fictional writing to reach his father prior to the letter, using a kind of metaphor code. Franz Kafka becameRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1380 Words   |  6 Pagesreading of â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Kafka The Metamorphosis is known to be one of Franz Kafka’s best works of literature. 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Among the literary pioneers who have explored the meaning and purpose of existence, Franz Kafka is one to be noted and studied. A follower of the existentialism movement, he made it a point explore ex istential philosophy in his literary works. In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, the main characterRead MoreGregor Samsa Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesFranz Kafka writes Gregor Samsa in his novel The Metamorphosis to portray specific details of his childhood life. In the early 1900’s the Great Depression occurred which changed the romantic time period into the modernism that focused on grotesque imagery. The Great Depression caused people to appreciate their beautiful world, before it turned into the dark and gloomy atmosphere it was for ten years. Kafka and Gregor’s lives share the similarity that both of their fathers were aggressive, alienatingRead MoreMetamorphosis by Franz Kafka Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesFranz Kafka’s, The Metamorphosis, is a novella about Gregor Samsa, a man who devotes everything to fulfilling the needs of his family. Kafka’s existentialist perspective on the meaning of life is illustrated through the use of the prota gonist of Gregor Samsa. Existentialism is a philosophy concerned with finding self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility (Existentialism). Gregor is unable to fulfill the existentialist view of finding meaning in one’s life;Read More Comparing Franz Kafka and Gregor Samsa in The Metamorphosis Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesSimilarities between Franz Kafka and Gregor Samsa in The Metamorphosis It is unusual to say the least to open a book and the first line is about the main character waking up as a large insect. Most authors’ use symbolism to relate the theme of their work, not Franz Kafka. He uses a writing method that voids all aspects and elements of the story that defy interpretation. In doing this, he leaves a simple story that stands only for an objective view for his own thoughts and dreams. Kafka focuses theRead MoreIs The Metamorposis : Drhosis Magical Realism?1009 Words   |  5 Pages Is The Metamorphosis Magical Realism? In the Literary world, there has been a lot of debate whether The Metamorphosis is or is not Magical Realism. However, The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, can be classified as magical realism when compared to â€Å"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World,† by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, and â€Å"What is Magical Realism, Really?† by Bruce Holland Rogers, using aspects of magical realism including realistic elements, magical elements, dark humor, and distortion of time. One

Bedroom Floor by Liam Payne free essay sample

I have decided to do something different from what I normally do, a review on a song! Now if you dont know who Liam Payne is, let me tell you. He was a member of the extremely known boyband One Direction, as they are currently on hiatus, the members have decided to go and presue solo acts, so far Liam and Zayn have had the most luck. Bedroom Floor was released on the 20th of October this year, and it will be on his upcoming album (which he claims will be released in January). It was written by Charlie Puth, and he does indeed make an apperance in the song. The song starts off with a bit of a tropical sounding entrance, but the lyrics are anything but happy. Baby, heard youve been talking about me lately Telling all your friends how much you hate me But who you calling up when you get lonely? When you get lonely, yeah You be saying real, real nice, real nice things When Im touching you You be getting real, real, real, real, real jealous When it wasnt you, oh And every now when my iPhone, iPhone rings I be telling you I told you, I told you, I told you You said it was over You said it was over But your clothes say different on my bedroom floor This song may not seem like anything different than a normal song when you just read the lyrics. We will write a custom essay sample on Bedroom Floor by Liam Payne or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You may just think to yourself Oh look, another pop song. But Liam does something different with his voice that sets him apart from all of the other pop singers. He sings this song entirely in a falsetto. In case you dont know what a falsetto is, it is a high note, which is very hard for a man to sing, but Liam hits every note perfectly! Especially live. An interesting part of the song is that you would think itis from his perspective, but It actually isnt. If you were to watch the music video, you would see that it is indeed from a womens perspective. As Liam stated But its very nice. I like the fact that it is empowering on the womans side, because its not often that you see it from this angle.. In case you were wondering where Charlie comes in, he makes the phone call noise! If you are looking for a new tune to add to your playlist, I have reason to believe this would be it! Check it out!

Fundamental Obstacles to Effectiveness Within the Intelligence Community

The Narrative Voice Of Huck Finn Essays - Literature, Fiction

The Narrative Voice Of Huck Finn Essays - Literature, Fiction The Narrative Voice Of Huck Finn The Narrative Voice of Huck Finn Huckleberry Finn provides the narrative voice of Mark Twains novel, and his honest voice combined with his personal vulnerabilities reveal the different levels of the Grangerfords world. Huck is without a family: neither the drunken attention of Pap nor the pious ministrations of Widow Douglas were desirable allegiance. He stumbles upon the Grangerfords in darkness, lost from Jim and the raft. The family, after some initial cross-examination, welcomes, feeds and rooms Huck with an amiable boy his age. With the light of the next morning, Huck estimates it was a mighty nice family, and a mighty nice house, too(1335). This is the first of many compliments Huck bestows on the Grangerfords and their possessions. Huck is impressed by all of the Grangerfords belongings and liberally offers compliments. The books are piled on the table perfectly exact(1335), the table had a cover made from beautiful oilcloth(1335), and a book was filled with beautiful stuff and poetry(1335). He even appraise s the chairs, noting they are nice split-bottom chairs, and perfectly sound, toonot bagged down in the middle and busted, like an old basket(1335). It is apparent Huck is more familiar with busted chairs than sound ones, and he appreciates the distinction. Huck is also more familiar with flawed families than loving, virtuous ones, and he is happy to sing the praises of the people who took him in. Col. Grangerford was a gentleman all over; and so was his family(1338). The Colonel was kind, well-mannered, quiet and far from frivolous. Everyone wanted to be around him, and he gave Huck confidence. Unlike the drunken Pap, the Colonel dressed well, was clean-shaven and his face had not a sign of red in it anywheres (1338). Huck admired how the Colonel gently ruled his family with hints of a submerged temper. The same temper exists in one of his daughters: she had a look that would make you wilt in your tracks, like her father. She was beautiful(1339). Huck does not think negatively of the hints of iron in the people he is happy to care for and let care for him. He does not ask how three of the Colonels sons died, or why the family brings guns to family picnics. He sees these as small facets of a family with a handsome lot of quality (1339). He thinks no more about Jim or the raft, but knows he has found a new home, one where he doesnt have to go to school, is surrounded by interior and exterior beauty, and most importantly, where he feels safe. Huck liked that family, dead ones and all, and warn't going to let anything come between us(1340). Huck is a very personable narrator. He tells his story in plain language, whether describing the Grangerford's clock or his hunting expedition with Buck. It is through his precise, trusting eyes that the reader sees the world of the novel. Because Huck is so literal, and does not exaggerate experiences like Jim or see a grand, false version of reality like Tom Sawyer, the reader gains an understanding of the world Mark Twain created, the reader is able to catch Twains jokes and hear his skepticism. The Grangerford's furniture, much admired by Huck, is actually comically tacky. You can almost hear Mark Twain laughing over the parrot-flanked clock and the curtains with cows and castles painted on them even as Huck oohs and ahhs. And Twain pokes fun at the young dead daughter Huck is so drawn to. Twain mocks Emmeline as an amateur writer: She warn't particular, she could write about anything you choose to give her to write about, just so it was sadful(1337). Yet Twain allows the images of Emmeline and the silly clock to deepen in meaning as the chapter progresses. Emmeline is realized as an early portent of the destruction of Hucks adopted family. The mantel clock was admired by Huck not only for its beauty, but because the Grangerfords properly valued beauty and wouldnt took any money for her(1337). Huck admired the Grangerfords principles, and the stake they placed in good manners, delicious food, and attractive possessions. But Huck realizes in Chapter 18 that whereas

Minister who must respond to queries from the opposition during Essay

Minister who must respond to queries from the opposition during question period in the House - Essay Example On Thursday last week, some members of the opposition pointed out the sudden increase in the operating cost of some airplane. They also cited the case of a large number of people who have lost their job due to increased operating cost in the airline industry (Hsu, 2011). There was a proposal by some members for the carbon tax to be abolished in order to prevent loss of jobs and increase cost of living. The carbon tax faces some challenges in its current form and therefore requires your intervention. A number of environmental experts are of the opinion that the carbon tax should not be abolished; instead, it should be revised and a section of the contentious clauses such as cost be repealed (Gandhi et al., 2007). A report from the environmental shield agency has cited increased awareness and conformation to the carbon tax and advised against its abolition. A detailed, comprehensive and insightful statement is expected from you by 25th March, 2014 in order to convince the house members on the relevance of the carbon tax. Further, evaluate the contentious clauses and look for a solution from environmental experts. Gandhi, V. P., Cuervo, J., Gandhi, V. P., & International Monetary Fund. (2007). Carbon Taxes: Their Macroeconomic Effects and Prospects for Global Adoption A Survey of the Literature. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund Hassett, K. A., Mathur, A., Metcalf, G. E., & National Bureau of Economic Research. (2007). The incidence of a U.S. carbon tax: A lifetime and regional analysis. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 40

Case Study Example These locks would only be accessed using cards given to authorized officials. This means that the accountability for available stocks would fall to those with the security access (Brauer & Dunne, 2002). A security manager of the highest levels of qualifications and responsibility would lead the security team. In addition to having locks, security officials would be deployed art various entry terminals to man the entrances. For windows, they would have to be tinted so that no person can view the content inside. In addition to that, doors and windows would need to be reinforced to avoid breakage. To a certain extent, communicating with the employees would be needed. This would be so if they are required to maintain highest levels of discretion in the activities they do. However, for top secret activities, it would be wise to leave the security concerns to the allocated security team (Gerstein, 2013). The risks of compromise due to personal indiscretion would be at a minimum. Employees should have security cards for areas they are allowed to access. This means that they would not be allowed to access other areas only restricted to certain high-ranking officials. Internal controls are important is determining who access what parts of the arms manufacturing plant. They would improve accountability and the overall security of manufactured products and the manufacturing procedures (McCrie,

Kellers Customer Based Brand Equity Model Marketing Essay

Kellers Customer Based Brand Equity Model Marketing Essay Principles of Marketing, by Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong and the American Marketing Association defined brand  as a name, term, sign / symbol or a  combination of these that identifies the maker or seller of the product and differentiates them from those of the competition. Aakers (1991) widely accepted definition of a brand is to identify the goods or services of whether one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods or services from those of competitors. Brands are thus, valuable assets and tools influencing consumer behavior which includes awareness, choice, use, satisfaction, recommendation, trust and loyalty. They reduce information search costs and risk for consumers and deliver quality, values, promises, and lifestyle enhancement (Czellar, 2010) .According to Keller (2002) the benefits of a strong brand can be categorized under 4 different categories, namely, product-related effects, price-related effects, communication-related effects and channel r elated effects. Product-related effects of brand include consumer product evaluations, consumer confidence, perceptions of quality, and purchase rate positively related to a brand name. If consumers are well aware of a brand, their attitude and their purchase intention toward the brand are increased. Price-related effects refer to the fact that brand leaders have higher priced positions and consumers have a lower level of price sensitivity toward those leaders. Communication-related effects refer to how the evaluation of brand advertising can be positively biased when consumers have positive feelings toward a brand which is a well known and well-liked brand and the effect of the well-known brand, which is most likely to have competitive advantage in marketing activities, is the channel-related effect. 2.2 Fashion and Branding According to Solomon and Rabolt (2004), fashion is defined as a style that is accepted by a large group of people at a given time. Generally people use the term fashion and style interchangeably. In the fashion context, consumers choose a certain fashion brand over others because they are associated with a certain style (Ferney et al.2005).The way individuals have their own distinctive personalities and styles in the manner of living, speaking as well as dressing, the brands too can be associated with a particular personality, because branding has the propensity to distinguish a brand from others by creating an individual brand personality, by using different brand elements like name, logo, symbol, and package design(Newman and Patel ,2002).Branding is important in fashion retailing as the brand can project a specific image like personality, sex, lifestyle and age, to the target consumers. Like in case of a sports brand, the attribute of sporty feeling would be formed in consumers mi nd whereas a casual fashion brand would be associated with the casual attribute (Keller 2002). The brand image allows fashion merchandise to communicate a distinct symbolic meaning, through merchandise, store atmosphere, sales associate attraction with customers, and marketing campaign, between the retailers and the consumers (Ferney et al, 2005). Newman and Patel discovered that brand image is crucial in this intensely competitive fashion retail sector. As different types of fashion consumers are matched with particular clothing styles, brand image can create a point of difference and assist consumers in selecting a suitable fashion brand. A successful fashion brand can capture the market share and maintain a positive relationship with its customers, therefore creating an appropriate fashion brand is one of the primary ways for the marketers to differentiate the products from the competitors. In brief, fashion and branding are closely related (Solomon and Rabolt 2004; Newman and Pa tel, 2002). 2.3 Brand Equity In Building Strong Brands, David Aaker defined brand equity as a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to the brand-its name and symbols-that add value to, or subtract value from, a product or service. The major asset categories are brand loyalty, brand name awareness, perceived quality and brand associations. http://www.tvonlinesurveys.com/enquete/Brand%20equity%20model%20Aaker.bmp(Aakers Brand Equity Model) The model mainly talks about how brand equity is formed of five components and how each has a role to play in the performance of the brand and indicates that how the brand equity will rise with the increase in brand loyalty, brand name awareness, and perceived quality and with stronger and positive brand associations and also with the increase in the number of brand related proprietary assets. This model can thus be used to get to grips with a brands equity and gain insight into the relation between the different brand equity components and the future performance of the brand. Apart from the five components, the model also reflects indicators or the consequences of the pursued branding policy. (Aaker, 1991) The five components and the factors having an influence on these components are: Brand loyalty: Aaker (1991) defines brand loyalty as the attachment that a customer has to a brand. Two different levels of loyalty are classified: behavioral and cognitive loyalty (Keller, 1998). Behavioral loyalty can be indicated by a number of repeated purchases (Keller, 1998) or commitment to buy the brand as a primary choice .Cognitive loyalty refers to the consumers intention to buy the brand as the first choice .Another indicator of loyalty is the customers willingness to pay higher price for a brand in comparison with another brand offering similar benefits. The extent to which people are loyal to a brand is expressed in the following factors: Reduced marketing costs, as hanging on to loyal customers is way cheaper than charming potential new customers. Trade leverage, as loyal customers represent a stable source of revenue for the distributive level. Attracting new customers, as current customers can help boost name awareness and hence bring in new customers Time to respond to competitive threats, as loyal customers that are not quick to switch brands give a company more time to respond to competitive threats. (Aaker, 1991) Brand awareness: It is a key determinant of brand equity. It is defined as an individuals ability to recall and recognize a brand. Top-of-mind and brand dominance is other levels of awareness included by Aaker (1996) in measuring awareness. Awareness can affect customers perceptions, which lead to different brand choice and even loyalty (Aaker, 1996). A brand with strong brand recall (unaided awareness) and top of mind can affect customers perceptions, which lead to different customer choice inside a product category. The extent to which a brand is known among the public ,can be measured using the following parameters: Anchor to which associations can be attached (depending on the strength of the brand name, more or fewer associations can be attached to it, which will, in turn ,eventually influence brand awareness) Familiarity and liking (consumers with a positive attitude towards a brand ,will talk about it more and spread brand awareness) Signal of substance/commitment to a brand. Brand to be considered during the purchasing process (to what extent does the brand form part of the evoked set of brands in a consumers mind) (Aaker, 1991) Perceived quality: It is defined as the customers judgment about a products overall excellence or superiority in comparison to alternatives brand and overall superiority that ultimately motivates the customer to purchase the product (Aaker and Jacobson, 1994). It is difficult for customers to make a rational judgment of the quality. They are likely using quality attributes like color, flavor, form, and appearance of the product and the availability of production information to infer quality. The extent to which a brand is considered to provide good quality products can be measured on the basis of the following criteria: The quality offered by the product / brand is a reason to buy it. Level of differentiation/position in relation to competing brands. Price, as the product becomes more complex to assess and status is at play, consumers tend to take price as a quality indicator. Availability in different sales channels, i.e. consumers have a higher quality perception of brands that are widely available. The number of brand extensions (this can tell the consumer the brand stands for a certain quality guarantee that is applicable on a wide scale) (Aaker, 1991) Brand associations: Consumer must first be aware of the brand in order to develop a set of associations. Brand association contains the meaning of the brand for consumers; it is anything linked in memory to a brand (Aaker, 1991). Brand associations are mostly grouped into a product-related attribute like brand performance and non product related attributes like brand personality and organizational associations. Customers evaluate a product not merely by whether the product can perform the functions for which it is designed for but the reasons to buy this brand over the competitors. Brand personalities include symbolic attributes (Aaker, 1996; Keller, 1993) which are the intangible features that meet consumers needs for social approval, personal expression or self-esteem. The associations triggered by a brand can be assessed on the basis of the following indicators: The extent to which a brand name is able to retrieve associations from the consumers brain, such as information from TV advertising. The extent to which association contribute to brand differentiation in relation to the competition (these can be abstract association or associations with concrete product benefits) The extent to which brand associations play a role in the buying process (the greater this extent ,the higher the total brand equity) The extent to which brand associations create positive attitude/feelings(the greater this extent, the higher the total brand equity) The number of brand extensions in the market (the greater this number, the greater the opportunity to add brand associations) (Aaker, 1991) Other proprietary assets: Some of the examples are patent and intellectual property rights, relations with trade partners, etc. (the more the proprietary rights a brand has accumulated, the greater the brands competitive edge in those fields) (Aaker, 1991) The model also provides an insight into the criteria that indicate to what degree actual value is created with both consumer and company due to pursued branding policy. However, this model does not make a clear distinction between added value brand can have for the consumer /customer and added value it can have for the brand owner/company and does not even discuss the process that goes into building strong brands, and is only useful to gain insight into the various brand equity components and the relation between them. (Wood, 2000) 2.4 Kellers Customer-based Brand equity model This model depicts the process that goes into building strong brands. It is set in the realm of brand added value, i.e. the focus of this model is on the added value a brand offers its customers/consumers. Kevin Lane Keller introduced this customer-based brand equity model, and has defined it as the differential effect that consumers brand knowledge has on their response to the marketing of that brand (Keller 1993).Differential consumer response is mainly based on consumers knowledge of the brand as well as the favorability of associations. The model is made up of various steps, which should be taken in a fixed order. The model talks about the six dimensions of brand equity, namely, brand salience, brand performance, brand imagery, consumer judgments, consumer feelings and brand resonance. According to Keller, the highest level of brand equity is realized when the top of the pyramid is attained. In his view, the resonance comes about when the consumer has a high level of awareness of and familiarity with the brand and holds some strong, favorable and unique associations in memory. (Keller, Strategic brand management, 2002) http://markhendrikse.squarespace.com/storage/post-images/july-2009/cmmemodel.jpg?__SQUARESPACE_CACHEVERSION=1247443493748 (Kellers customer based brand equity model) The six dimensions and the process that goes into building of strong brands, as identified by Keller are: Brand Salience: The first step in the development of a strong brand involves describing its identity, and revolves around the question: Who am I? .To achieve this, the brand managers need to ensure that the customers should be able to identify with the brand. A clear associative link between the brand and a specific product class/category has to be established in the mind of the consumer, this also further helps in creating a solid footing for the building of brand awareness and knowledge. Salience basically refers to how familiar consumers are with a brand and whether the brand is actively considered when consumers find themselves in purchase or consumption situations. A high level of salience means that a consumer has knowledge of both the depth and the width of a brand, (depth here refers to the ease with which a brand can be activated in the consumers brain, while width refers to the extent to which happens when the consumer is making a purchase decision.)Brand Salience is thus a precondition for moving up on the brand pyramid. (Keller, 2002) (Keller, Strategic Brand Management: a european perspective, 2008) Brand performance and brand imagery: when brand salience has been realized, the process moves on to the next steps in the development of brand meaning. The second step basically answers the question: What am I?This question is answered by using intrinsic (tangible) and extrinsic (intangible) characteristics of a brand.(Intrinsic characteristics refer to the degree to which a product/service is seen to perform by consumers, and extrinsic characteristics refers to how consumers think about a brand. In order to boost overall brand equity the focus needs to be on both brand performance and brand imagery, since they together add on to the brand associations. Raising brand performance starts by delivering a product/service that fulfills current customers needs, followed by attempts to surpass the triggered customer expectations. Brand imagery on the other hand can be increased by tailoring to consumerspshyco-social needs. Imagery refers to what people think about a brand (in terms of value and meaning) and not so much about what exactly the product does or can do (in terms of functionality).It can be raised directly by creating brand experience or indirectly through advertisement. In the end, these two dimensions together need to bring about certain brand associations that are strong, positive and unique. These dimensions also play an important role in creating brand loyalty. (Keller, 2002) Brand judgments and brand feelings: After realizing strong, positive and unique brand associations, the third step deals with the way consumers think and feel about a brand. This step basically contains the responses to the efforts from step 2(performance and imagery).the brand is evaluated and judged at this stage, formulating a certain attitude towards the brand. The two dimensions at play here are: brand judgments (rational) and brand feelings (emotional).the former denotes the opinion consumers have of a brand, and how they evaluate the brand. The opinion in this case is formed rationally and based on three criteria, quality, reliability and superiority. Brand feelings on the other hand are the emotional reactions by consumers to brands and their marketing efforts. What feelings does the brand evoke in the consumer, and in the social environment? Are these feelings intense or not, positive or negative? These feelings can very strong and can have an affect on brand observation dur ing actual use of the product. These feelings are based on various factors, namely, warmth, pleasure, tension, security, social acceptance and self respect. (Keller, 2002) Brand resonance: once when the consumer has acquired a positive idea of the brand in both a rational and an emotional sense, a solid base is created to further jump on to the last stage. This stage answers the question whether the consumer is willing to enter into a (lasting) relationship with a brand. If this stage is attained, then its considered as the brand has achieved true brand loyalty, where the consumer identifies him/herself with the values of the brand to a considerable degree and is willing to invest in a relationship. Brand resonance is an ultimate relationship between a brand and a consumer. The closeness of the bond can be measured using factors like loyalty, emotional bond, being a member of a brand community and active brand involvement. (Keller, 2002) Brand equity if used appropriately, possesses a huge potential to create advantages and benefits for the firm, the trade and the consumer. Some of the benefits of strong brand equity being, improved perceptions of product performance, greater loyalty, less vulnerability to competitive marketing actions and marketing crises, larger margins , more inelastic consumer response to price increases and more elastic consumer response to price decreases ,greater trade cooperation and support ,increased marketing communication effectiveness along with licensing opportunities and additional brand extension opportunities.(Wood ,2000 ; Feldwick, 1996) 2.5 Brand equity and brand extension Brand equity can be leveraged by building it, borrowing it, or by buying it. Building brand equity is not an easy task due to the rapid increase in the number of brands and the intense competition that is prevalent in many industries. Thus, the brands generally prefer to opt for the alternatives to building brand equity i.e. by borrowing it or buying it. (Moisescu, 2005; Tuominen, 1999) Since the study focuses on the role of brand equity in brand extensions, leveraging brand equity by borrowing it, will be discussed. Borrowing brand equity: According to Tuominen (1999), many firms borrow on the brand equity in their brand names by extending existing brand names to other products, which is referred to as brand extension. There are two types of brand extensions namely, a line and a category extension. A line extension is when a current brand name is used to enter new market segment in the existing product class, whereas, a category extension is when the current brand name is used to enter a different product class. A line extension occurs when a company introduces additional items in the same product category under the same brand name. A line extension often involves a different size, color, flavor or ingredient, a different form or a different application for the brand (Richard Elliot, 2006). Products in line extensions are technically congruent, i.e., similar in many attributes. They belong to the same product category or subclass. The vast majority of new-product activity consists of line extens ions. Excess manufacturing capacity often drives a company to introduce additional items. The company might want to meet the consumers desire for variety. The company may recognize a latent consumer want and try to capitalize on it (Moisescu, 2005). The company may want to match a competitors successful line extension. Many companies introduce line extensions primarily to command more shelf space from resellers. Line extensions involve risks. There is a chance that the brand name will lose its specific meaning. This is called the line-extension trap (Eun Young Kim, 2000) .The other risk is that many line extensions will not sell enough to cover their development and promotion costs. Furthermore, even when they sell enough, the sales may come at the expense of other items in the line. A line extension works best when it takes sales away from competing brands, not when it cannibalizes the companys other products (Moisescu, 2005).A category extension occurs when a company decides to us e an existing brand name to launch a product in a new product category. Category extensions capitalize on the brand image of the core product or service to efficiently inform consumers and retailers about a new product or service (Richard Elliot, 2006).The potential benefits of category extensions include immediate name recognition and the transference of benefits associated with a familiar brand. A well-regarded brand name gives the new product instant recognition and earlier acceptance (Eun Young Kim, 2000). It enables the company to enter into new-product categories more easily. Moreover, category extensions eliminate the high costs of establishing a new brand and often reduce the costs of gaining distribution (Eun Young Kim, 2000; Dennis A. Pitta, 1995). Category extensions also involve risks. The new product might disappoint buyers and damage their respect for the companys other products. The brand name may lose its special positioning in the consumers mind through over-extensi on. (Dennis A. Pitta, 1995) Brand dilution is said to occur when consumers no longer associate a brand with a specific product or highly similar products (Richard Elliot, 2006). Companies that are tempted to transfer their brand name must research how well the brands associations fit the new product. The best result would occur when the brand name builds the sales of both the new product and the existing product. An acceptable result would be when the new product sells well without affecting the sales of the existing product. The worst result would be when the new product fails and hurts the sales of the existing product (Tuominen, 1999). Transferring an existing brand name to a new product category requires great care. In order to successfully maintain and further leverage the existing brand equity and to prevent it from any damage, a brand needs to carefully extend itself by maintaining perceptual fit, competitive leverage, and benefit transfer. Where in perceptual fit means that the consumer must perceive the new item to be consistent with the parent brand, competitive leverage means that the new item must be comparable or superior to other products in the category and benefit transfer means that the benefit offered by the parent brand is desired by consumers of products in the new category (Dennis A. Pitta, 1995; Tuominen, 1999). To use brand equity efficiently and appropriately and to further maintain perceptual fit, competitive leverage and benefit transfer, a brand needs to know and consider various factors while deciding upon a brand extension strategy. Consumers beliefs and feelings about the original brand are likely to be transferred, only when the extension product is perceived as a member of the original brand family (Abhishek Dwivedi, 2007).The greater the fit / similarity perceived by consumers between the extension product and the original brand, the more likely, the affect associated with the original brand would be transferred to the extension product. Thus the consumer perception of fit is s the most important construct in a consumer evaluation of brand extension. The consumer perception of fit serves as a heuristic cue in a consumer brand extension evaluation process because one of the functions of similarity is to allow people to make educated guesses in the face of limited knowledge with the brand extension (Leslie de Chernatony, 2001). The extension product is new to the consumers so if it is perceived as similar to the original brand, the consumers will be able to make inferences or judgments about the new extension based on these similarities. The perceived fit will be achieved when a consumer perceives that the new extension product is consistent with the parent brand ,or a family member of the brand name, and then affect or attitude transference will be more likely to occur ,to facilitate the brand extension evaluation. It is widely accepted that fit perceptions between an extension and its parent brand determines consumer evaluations of brand extensions and there is a positive relationship between the fit perceptions and consumers attitudes toward the extension. (Abhishek Dwivedi, 2007; Havard Hansen, 1998) 2.6 Dimensions of fit The perception of fit is an important determinant but there still considerable variances about its dimensions in the literature. The most popular concepts that have been used to define the dimensions of fit are similarity ,relatedness, typicality, and brand concept consistency. These concepts define the perception of fit from different aspects, but they also have some overlaps. (Langlotz, 2008; Izabella b.2009) 2.6.1 Similarity: In most research similarity refers to how alike the original product and the extension product are in terms of features and attributes. The consumer similarity judgment involves comparing or matching features between the original product category and the new extension product category. The more features that overlap or match between the two classes of products, the more likely it is that these two products will be perceived to belong to the same cognitive category (Dr. Ashish Sharma, 2007) .Besides, shared features between two product classes, similarity also refers to shared benefits, which means that two products have a common goal. Similarity can also be used to refer to sharing same usage situations, or being complementary in usage. From the firms perspective similarity also refers to manufacturing synergies or the firms ability to transfer the marketing, operating or manufacturing capability from the original product to the new extension product ( Izabella b.20 09). According to Aaker Keller (1990), similarity is based on three elements, complement, substitute, and transfer. Complement indicates the extent to which consumers view two product classes as sharing the same usage context. Substitute is the extent to which consumers perceive two product classes can replace each other in satisfying the same need. Transfer is the extent to which the perceived ability or skill of a manufacturer that is required for the extension overlaps with that of the parent brands. Consumer perceived similarity plays an important role in brand extension evaluation. It can enhance the transferability of perceived quality of the brand to the extension, and directly affect the attitude towards the extension; the higher the level of similarity, the more favorable the attitude toward brand extension (Langlotz, 2008). 2.6.2 Typicality: It is used to measure the consumers perception of fit between the extension product and the original family branded products. According to Tauber (2001), when an extension shares more features of current family branded products, it will be a more typical member of the family brand and the affect transference will be more likely to occur on the new extension. Typicality refers to how representative the extension product category is of the original family branded products .An extension product may be perceived as a typical member of the original brand family not only because it shares many physical features of the original product, but also because it represents the family brand image at a high level. Typicality is basically a broader view of similarity .It also includes some non product related aspects like the brand image. Typicality has an impact on consumer brand extension evaluations; however the notion of typicality may be more useful measurement of fit percepti on when the original brand has more than one existing product, because it measures how representative the new extension is of the brand family. (Tauber, 2001; Vukasovic, 2001) 2.6.3 Relatedness: It is another word used to describe the fit between the extension product and the original brand .It refers to the strength of the association between the brands parent category and the target extension category (VukasoviÄ , 2001). The consumer attitudes transference is more likely to occur on extensions which are closely related to the parent categories. Relatedness is a similar concept to similarity. It depends on the similarity of common features, complementarities in a common usage situation, and substitutability in providing a common function. However, relatedness is a more inclusive construct than similarity. The notion of similarity only refers to the common physical features between the original product category and the extension category. It does not accommodate the notion of conceptual coherence; i .e, sometimes two product categories are perceived to be related to each other conceptually not physically. So it can be concluded that relatedness offe rs a broader view of similarity. (Langlotz, 2008).Like the concept of typicality, the notion of relatedness defines consumer perceptions of fit on the concept of similarity, but they both offer some idea that is more than the similarity concept. These two concepts indicate that the consumer perceptions of fit in brand extension evaluations include not only physical product similarities, but also consistencies at some non physical levels, for example the brand image level and product conceptual level. (Langlotz, 2008; Vukasovic, 2001) 2.6.4 Brand concept consistency : Although both concepts of typicality and relatedness capture some non physical aspects of fit, the non product aspects of fit are accommodated more by the concept of brand concept consistency. A brand concept is the brand image, which is made up of specific associations that differentiate the brand from other competing brands. It is the unique abstract meaning that is derived from a particular configuration of product features (Tauber, 2001). Langlotz (2008) reveals that when consumers evaluate a brand extension, they not only take into account information about the product feature similarity, but also the concept consistency between the brand concept and the extension. The brand concept consistency is more non product related and is more about the brand image than the physical features. The more that consumers think the extension is consistent with the parent brand concept or image, the more favorable consumer attitudes are toward the extension. Thu s those extensions, which are very different from the parent product category physically, can also be perceived as fitting with the parent brand, as long as they have consistent images and concepts with the parent brand. Compared with the notion of similarity, brand concept consistency captures a totally different aspect of fit. However it is believed to be equally important to the similarity between the extension product and the original product in a consumer brand extension evaluation process. The concept of consumer fit perceptions in brand extension evaluation is incomplete without either similarity or brand concept consistency (Tauber, 2001; Vukasovic, 2001). 2.7 Role of Consumer knowledge in brand extension evaluations Consumer knowledge is indicated as one of the moderating variables that have an impact on consumer fit perceptions in the brand extension evaluation process (Ma, 2005). Thus, review of the importance of the consumer fit perception in a brand extension evaluation, and its dimensions is followed with the review of consumer knowledge. 2.7.1 Influence of knowledge on consumers behaviors: Consumers with high and low knowledge react differently in a variety of consumer behaviors like information processing evaluation strategies and decision making. The differences between high and low knowledge consumers are addressed in three related areas: Differences in cognitive structure ,capabilities of analysis, inference and memory, Differences in internal knowledge transfer, Differences in similarity judgments between brands, Differences in fit perception in brand extension evaluations. (Phau, 2003)

Abortion - A Freedom Of Choice Essay -- Pro Choice Pro-Choice essays r

During the last twenty-five years, abortion has been one of the most heated topics being debated in the United States and Canada. The only topics that equal the abortion debate are race and war. Abortion is a discussion of human interaction where ethics, emotions, and law come together. There are people that have different views of abortion but no matter what their view is they fall under a thin line. There is the pro-choice and the pro-life. These are the only two categories that people’s views fall into. A pro-choice person would feel that the decision to abort a pregnancy is that of the mothers and the government has no right to interfere. A pro-lifer would hold that from the moment of conception, the embryo or fetus is alive. Since this embryo or fetus is alive and is a person you have no moral right to abort a life. If you aborted the life (person) you would be committing murder. The word â€Å"murder† is mainly used by pro-lifers to describe what happens when you abort an embryo/fetus. Murder means deliberate and unjustified killing of another person containing intent. How can anyone tell a woman that they can’t abort an embryo/fetus to interrupt a pregnancy if it is a result of rape or incest? A women cannot bear the thought of having a child that would be a constant reminder of what happened on such and such a day, such and such number of years ago. The mother doesn’t want to kill a baby; she wants to interrupt the growth of an embryo so that it will not become a baby. The mother interrupts potential life. If the mother aborts the embryo at a very early stage it’s not even recognizable as human and that’s why potential life is just that, potential. My personal belief is that each woman has the right to decide whether she wants to abort an unwanted pregnancy. Remember the termination of the pregnancy might have to do with the health of the mother herself, maybe the mother is unable to attend to the child’s needs after its born, resulting in child abuse and mental disease. In these situations abortion is a must in my opinion. Most abortions occur because contraception fails, because of a rape or because of a serious medical condition of the mother, which could lead to her death. In these situations abortion is often the only way that prevents the birth of an unwanted child or saves a mothers life. In the world today pregnancy often has catast... ...eering there are many pros and cons for each. What it mainly comes down to is how each individual perceives each situation of abortion and genetic engineering. If one person sees abortion as a women’s choice and can back up his views with proof that it would be better for the mother, then do not try to destroy their views. If a person sees abortion as killing a life and they want to abolish abortion, then let them have a chance to voice their opinions. Remember that it is good to have views from both sides because then people aren’t always seeing in tunnel vision. When looking at genetic engineering I hope people realize that this field of science could be very good to society and also very detrimental. So what ever our society decides to do with abortion and genetic engineering, remember the effects that could happen to the world as a whole. God gave us freedom of choice and if He, as a God, gives all of us this freedom, what right do we have to take it away from peoples opinions? Bibliography â€Å"Induced Abortion Worldwide.† Online. The Alan Guttmacher Institute. Available: http://www.agi-usa.org/pubs/ib_0399.html. May 1999. Abortion - A Freedom Of Choice Essay -- Pro Choice Pro-Choice essays r During the last twenty-five years, abortion has been one of the most heated topics being debated in the United States and Canada. The only topics that equal the abortion debate are race and war. Abortion is a discussion of human interaction where ethics, emotions, and law come together. There are people that have different views of abortion but no matter what their view is they fall under a thin line. There is the pro-choice and the pro-life. These are the only two categories that people’s views fall into. A pro-choice person would feel that the decision to abort a pregnancy is that of the mothers and the government has no right to interfere. A pro-lifer would hold that from the moment of conception, the embryo or fetus is alive. Since this embryo or fetus is alive and is a person you have no moral right to abort a life. If you aborted the life (person) you would be committing murder. The word â€Å"murder† is mainly used by pro-lifers to describe what happens when you abort an embryo/fetus. Murder means deliberate and unjustified killing of another person containing intent. How can anyone tell a woman that they can’t abort an embryo/fetus to interrupt a pregnancy if it is a result of rape or incest? A women cannot bear the thought of having a child that would be a constant reminder of what happened on such and such a day, such and such number of years ago. The mother doesn’t want to kill a baby; she wants to interrupt the growth of an embryo so that it will not become a baby. The mother interrupts potential life. If the mother aborts the embryo at a very early stage it’s not even recognizable as human and that’s why potential life is just that, potential. My personal belief is that each woman has the right to decide whether she wants to abort an unwanted pregnancy. Remember the termination of the pregnancy might have to do with the health of the mother herself, maybe the mother is unable to attend to the child’s needs after its born, resulting in child abuse and mental disease. In these situations abortion is a must in my opinion. Most abortions occur because contraception fails, because of a rape or because of a serious medical condition of the mother, which could lead to her death. In these situations abortion is often the only way that prevents the birth of an unwanted child or saves a mothers life. In the world today pregnancy often has catast... ...eering there are many pros and cons for each. What it mainly comes down to is how each individual perceives each situation of abortion and genetic engineering. If one person sees abortion as a women’s choice and can back up his views with proof that it would be better for the mother, then do not try to destroy their views. If a person sees abortion as killing a life and they want to abolish abortion, then let them have a chance to voice their opinions. Remember that it is good to have views from both sides because then people aren’t always seeing in tunnel vision. When looking at genetic engineering I hope people realize that this field of science could be very good to society and also very detrimental. So what ever our society decides to do with abortion and genetic engineering, remember the effects that could happen to the world as a whole. God gave us freedom of choice and if He, as a God, gives all of us this freedom, what right do we have to take it away from peoples opinions? Bibliography â€Å"Induced Abortion Worldwide.† Online. The Alan Guttmacher Institute. Available: http://www.agi-usa.org/pubs/ib_0399.html. May 1999.